1.关于莫高窟的资料
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原发布者:江勇
敦煌莫高窟介绍石窟艺术是古建筑、雕塑、壁画三者相结合的艺术宫殿,尤以丰富多彩的壁画著称于世。石窟的壁画容量和内容之丰富,是当今世界上任何宗教石窟、寺院或宫殿都不能媲美的。环顾洞窟的四周和窟顶,有佛经故事画、经变画和佛教史迹画,也有神怪画和供养人画像,还有各式各样精美的装饰图案等。这里有高大的坐像,也有十几厘米的小菩萨,绝大部分洞窟都保存有塑像,数量众多,堪称是一座大型雕塑馆。石窟艺术宝库克孜尔石窟敦煌莫高窟大同云冈石窟炳灵寺石窟天水麦积山石窟洛阳龙门石窟广元千佛崖摩崖造像榆林石窟大足宝顶山摩崖造像敦煌莫高窟莫高窟又称“千佛洞”世界上规模最大保存最完整的佛教艺术宝库始凿于十六国前秦时期,366年,前秦高僧乐尊凿了第一个石窟,此后历经十六国、南北朝、隋、唐、五代、宋、西夏、元。现存492窟中,唐窟占213个莫高窟内壁画窟萨垂太子舍身饲虎428窟(北魏)该画描写的是一个王子舍身喂饥饿的雌虎、救小虎,而后上天界的故事。有记录佛教故事的;有描绘神佛形象的;还有描摹自然风光的。有反应民间生活的《西方净土变中之舞乐》敦煌艺术之装饰图案三兔飞天藻井图案主要集中在窟顶、龛楣和墙壁的下部。最主要的是窟顶部分的图案。窟顶部分的图案大体可以分为四类:1.倒斗形窟顶中部的藻井与平顶部分的平棋图案。2.人字披椽档间的花鸟图案。3.窟顶四面斜坡上的神话故事图案。
2.敦煌莫高窟的导游词 几句话
莫高窟属全国重点文物保护单位,俗称千佛洞,坐落在河西走廊西端的敦煌,以精美的壁画和塑像闻名于世。
它始建于十六国的前秦时期,历经十六国、北朝、隋、唐、五代、西夏、元等历代的兴建,形成巨大的规模,现有洞窟735个,壁画4.5万平方米、泥质彩塑2415尊,是世界上现存规模最大、内容最丰富的佛教艺术圣地。近代以来又发现了藏经洞,内有5万多件古代文物,由此衍生专门研究藏经洞典籍和敦煌艺术的学科——敦煌学。
但在近代,莫高窟受到骗取、盗窃,文物大量流失,其宝藏遭到严重破坏。1961年,莫高窟被中华人民共和国国务院公布为第一批全国重点文物保护单位之一。
1987年,莫高窟被列为世界文化遗产。是中国四大石窟之一,四大石窟还有:龙门石窟、云冈石窟和麦积山石窟。
编辑本段 莫高窟位于中国甘肃省敦煌市东南25公里处的鸣沙山东麓断崖上,前临宕泉河,面向东,南北长1680米,高50米。洞窟分布高低错落、鳞次栉比,上、下最多有五层。
它始建于十六国时期,据唐《李克让重修莫高窟佛龛碑》的记载,前秦建元二年(366年),僧人乐僔路经此山,忽见金光闪耀,如现万佛,于是便在岩壁上开凿了第一个洞窟。此后法良禅师等又继续在此建洞修禅,称为“漠高窟”,意为“沙漠的高处”。
后世因“漠”与“莫”通用,便改称为“莫高窟”。北魏、西魏和北周时,统治者崇信佛教,石窟建造得到王公贵族们的支持,发展较快。
隋唐时期,随着丝绸之路的繁荣,莫高窟更是兴盛,在武则天时有洞窟千余个。安史之乱后,敦煌先后由吐蕃和归义军占领,但造像活动未受太大影响。
北宋、西夏和元代,莫高窟渐趋衰落,仅以重修前朝窟室为主,新建极少。元朝以后,随着丝绸之路的废弃,莫高窟也停止了兴建并逐渐湮没于世人的视野中。
直到清康熙四十年(1701年)后,这里才重新为人注意。近代,人们通常称其为“千佛洞”。
莫高窟现存北魏至元的洞窟735个,分为南北两区。南区是莫高窟的主体,为僧侣们从事宗教活动的场所,有487个洞窟,均有壁画或塑像。
北区有248个洞窟,其中只有5个存在壁画或塑像,而其它的都是僧侣修行、居住和亡后掩埋场所,有土炕、灶炕、烟道、壁龛、台灯等生活设施。两区共计492个洞窟存在壁画和塑像,有壁画4.5万平方米、泥质彩塑2415尊、唐宋木构崖檐5个,以及数千块莲花柱石、铺地花砖等。
编辑本段 莫高窟是一座融绘画、雕塑和建筑艺术于一体,以壁画为主、塑像为辅的大型石窟寺。它的石窟形制主要有禅窟、中心塔柱窟、殿堂窟、中心佛坛窟、四壁三龛窟、大像窟、涅磐窟等。
各窟大小相差甚远,最大的第16窟达268平方米,最小的第37窟高不盈尺。窟外原有木造殿宇,并有走廊、栈道等相连,现多已不存。
莫高窟壁画绘于洞窟的四壁、窟顶和佛龛内,内容博大精深,主要有佛像、佛教故事、佛教史迹、经变、神怪、供养人、装饰图案等七类题材,此外还有很多表现当时狩猎、耕作、纺织、交通、战争、建设、舞蹈、婚丧嫁娶等社会生活各方面的画作。这些画有的雄浑宽广,有的鲜艳瑰丽,体现了不同时期的艺术风格和特色。
中国五代以前的画作已大都散失,莫高窟壁画为中国美术史研究提供了重要实物,也为研究中国古代风俗提供了极有价值的形象和图样。据计算,这些壁画若按2米高排列,可排成长达25公里的画廊。
莫高窟所处山崖的土质较松软,并不适合制作石雕,所以莫高窟的造像除四座大佛为石胎泥塑外,其余均为木骨泥塑。塑像都为佛教的神佛人物,排列有单身像和群像等多种组合,群像一般以佛居中,两侧侍立弟子、菩萨等,少则3身,多则达11身。
彩塑形式有圆塑、浮塑、影塑、善业塑等。这些塑像精巧逼真、想象力丰富、造诣极高,而且与壁画相融映衬,相得益彰。
它是一个九层的遮檐,也叫“北大像”,正处在崖窟的中段,与崖顶等高,巍峨壮观。其木构为土红色,檐牙高啄,外观轮廓错落有致,檐角系铃,随风作响。
其间有弥勒佛坐像,高35.6米,由石胎泥塑彩绘而成,是中国国内仅次于乐山大佛和荣县大佛的第三大坐佛。容纳大佛的空间下部大而上部小,平面呈方形。
楼外开两条通道,既可供就近观赏大佛,又是大佛头部和腰部的光线来源。这座窟檐在唐文德元年(888年)以前就已存在,当时为5层,北宋乾德四年(966年)和清代都进行了重建,并改为4层。
1935年再次重修,形成现在的9层造型。 莫高窟的壁画上,处处可见漫天飞舞的美丽飞天——敦煌市的城雕也是一个反弹琵琶的飞天仙女的形象。
飞天是侍奉佛陀和帝释天的神,能歌善舞。墙壁之上,飞天在无边无际的茫茫宇宙中飘舞,有的手捧莲蕾,直冲云霄;有的从空中俯冲下来,势若流星;有的穿过重楼高阁,宛如游龙;有的则随风漫卷,悠然自得。
画家用那特有的蜿蜒曲折的长线、舒展和谐的意趣,呈献给人们一个优美而空灵的想象世界。 艳丽的色彩,飞动的线条,在这些西北的画师对理想天国热烈和动情的描绘里,我们似乎感受到了他们在大漠荒原上纵骑狂奔的不竭激情,或许正是这种激情,才孕育出壁画中那样张扬的想象力量吧! 编辑本段 莫高窟现存有壁画和雕塑的。
3.雨果的《雏菊》的英文版
呵呵,希望能够帮到楼主~~~ DaisyA few days ago, after I published the text of the road, connecting two of a six-storey high-rise wooden fence caught my attention. Projector it on the road, not tight together through the wood, the sun's shadow in the painting line, attractive Parallel gold stripes, like a beautiful Renaissance Heiduan last seen. I went to go, Feng Li to the plate to watch. Today, surrounded by the fence, two years ago, in June 1839 burned the comic song and dance venues. 2 o'clock in the afternoon, it was extremely hot, depopulated space on the road. A gray door, is probably the single door on both sides of the uplift dent in the middle, with rococo-style decorations, may be 100 years before the love of smart young woman's women's apartment door, is installed on the fence. So long as to bring a little plug on the bolt Opened. I went. Qiqicancan, very desolate. Mortar on the floor, is full of large stones, were abandoned in waiting, such as pale headstone, like moldy ruins. No one in the market. Neighboring houses left on the wall clear of smoke and flame Signs. However, the land, after the fire had been subjected to two in a row in the spring of destruction in its corner of the trapezoid, is a huge rock below the green, an extension of the worm and buried in the basement of the centipede. Boulder in the shade behind, grow A number of grass. I sat on the rock looking down this plant. God! Grow in a world where the most beautiful little Daisy, a cute little flying insects around the beautiful daisy flying back and forth. Cao Hua quietly allow that growth and better follow the law of nature, in the soil, in Paris, two in the street, two steps away from the palace, four steps from the arena Cavalry, pedestrians, shops, cab, Public carriage of the King and four-wheel carriage between the gorgeous, flower, and allow that street near the flower fields, I stirred up endless reverie. Ten years ago, who can foresee the day when the future president out there in a daisy! If this on the site, just next to the ground, not from anything else, many houses only, that is, real estate owners, tenants and the gatekeeper, as well as the bed at night carefully candle flame out residents, then There will never grow a field of flowers. Flower condensation of the number of things, the number of failed and successful performances, the number of bankrupt people, the number of incidents of accidents, the number of adventure, all of a sudden fall in the number of disaster! For the night was attracted to the life we have here Zheban Ren, Two years ago, appeared in the eyes of flower, this group of people will be aghast it as a ghost! The fate of how people make fun of the maze, the number of mysterious, after all, finally clean this light into the eye in all directions little yellow sun! There is a need to be a theater and fire, that is, a city of joy and terror of a city, is one of the most beautiful of human invention, one of the most terrible natural disaster, 30 years Kuangxiao and 30 hours of flame billowing Only allow that the growth of the daisy, which won the joy of flying insects! For the good of the observed, the most insignificant things that is often the most important things.Daisy前几天我经过文宪路,一座联接两处六层高楼的木栅栏引起我的注意.它投影在路面上,透过拼合得不严紧的木板,阳光在影上画线,吸引人的平行金色条纹,像文艺复兴时期美丽的黑缎上所见的.我走近前去,往板缝里观看. 这座栅栏今天所围住的,是两年前,1839年6月被焚毁的滑稽歌舞剧院的场地. 午后2时,烈日炎炎,路上空无人迹. 一扇灰色的门,大概是单扇门,两边隆起中间凹下,还带洛可可式的装饰,可能是百年前爱俏的年轻女子的闺门,正安装在栅栏上.只要稍稍提起插栓就开了.我走了进去. 凄凄惨惨,无比荒凉.满地泥灰,到处是大石块,被遗弃在那里等待,苍白如墓石,发霉像废墟.场里没有人.邻近的房屋墙上留有明显的火焰与浓烟的痕迹. 可是,这块土地,火灾以后已遭受两个春天的连续毁坏,在它的梯形的一隅,在一块正在变绿的巨石下面,延伸着埋葬虫与蜈蚣的地下室.巨石后面的阴暗处,长出了一些小草. 我坐在石上俯视这棵植物.天啊!就在那里长出一棵世界上最美丽的小小的雏菊,一个可爱的小小的飞虫绕着雏菊娇艳地来回飞舞. 这朵草花安静地生长,并遵循大自然的美好的规律,在泥土中,在巴黎中心,在两条街道之间,离王宫两步,离骑兵竞技场四步,在行人,店铺,出租马车,公共马车和国王的四轮华丽马车之间,这朵花,这朵临近街道的田野之花激起我无穷无尽的遐想. 十年前,谁能预见日后有一天在那里会长出一朵雏菊! 如果说在这原址上,就像旁边的地面上一样,从没有别的什么,只有许多房屋,就是说房产业主,房客和看门人,以及夜晚临睡前小心翼翼地灭烛熄火的居民,那么在这。
4.徐怀钰的【纷飞】这首歌的歌词带拼音标注
ni he wo xiang yue zai
你 和 我 相 约 在
wu ye xuan hua de da jie
午 夜 喧 哗 的 大 街
gao su wo zhe duan gan qing jin ye jiang hui shi zhong dian
告 诉 我 这 段 感 情 今 夜 将 会 是 终 点
sha sha di kan zhe ni
傻 傻 的 看 着 你
yan jiao bu liu yi di lei
眼 角 不 流 一 滴 泪
shuo hao le yao jian qiang bu liu lei
说 好 了 要 坚 强 不 流 泪
wo yi wei wo ke yi
我 以 为 我 可 以
rang ai bian de hen tian mei
让 爱 变 得 很 甜 美
cai fa xian ai qing jing shi yi chang can ku de kao yan
才 发 现 爱 情 竟 是 一 场 残 酷 的 考 验
tai yu mei tai yi lian
太 愚 昧 太 依 恋
cai fang ni qu zi you fei
才 放 你 去 自 由 飞
yi shun jian ai jue di zai jin ye
一 瞬 间 爱 决 堤 在 今 夜
yu fen fei fei zai tian kong li shi wo de yan lei
雨 纷 飞 飞 在 天 空 里 是 我 的 眼 泪
lei di chui chui zai shou xin li shi ni de yu wei
泪 低 垂 垂 在 手 心 里 是 你 的 余 味
shui liao jie zhen xin de fu chu huan lai shi li bie
谁 了 解 真 心 的 付 出 换 来 是 离 别
wo zhi dao ai guo hou hui xin sui
我 知 道 爱 过 后 会 心 碎
wo xiang xin ai qing mei you yong yuan
我 相 信 爱 情 没 有 永 远
5.雨果的《雏菊》的英文版
呵呵,希望能够帮到楼主~~~ DaisyA few days ago, after I published the text of the road, connecting two of a six-storey high-rise wooden fence caught my attention. Projector it on the road, not tight together through the wood, the sun's shadow in the painting line, attractive Parallel gold stripes, like a beautiful Renaissance Heiduan last seen. I went to go, Feng Li to the plate to watch. Today, surrounded by the fence, two years ago, in June 1839 burned the comic song and dance venues. 2 o'clock in the afternoon, it was extremely hot, depopulated space on the road. A gray door, is probably the single door on both sides of the uplift dent in the middle, with rococo-style decorations, may be 100 years before the love of smart young woman's women's apartment door, is installed on the fence. So long as to bring a little plug on the bolt Opened. I went. Qiqicancan, very desolate. Mortar on the floor, is full of large stones, were abandoned in waiting, such as pale headstone, like moldy ruins. No one in the market. Neighboring houses left on the wall clear of smoke and flame Signs. However, the land, after the fire had been subjected to two in a row in the spring of destruction in its corner of the trapezoid, is a huge rock below the green, an extension of the worm and buried in the basement of the centipede. Boulder in the shade behind, grow A number of grass. I sat on the rock looking down this plant. God! Grow in a world where the most beautiful little Daisy, a cute little flying insects around the beautiful daisy flying back and forth. Cao Hua quietly allow that growth and better follow the law of nature, in the soil, in Paris, two in the street, two steps away from the palace, four steps from the arena Cavalry, pedestrians, shops, cab, Public carriage of the King and four-wheel carriage between the gorgeous, flower, and allow that street near the flower fields, I stirred up endless reverie. Ten years ago, who can foresee the day when the future president out there in a daisy! If this on the site, just next to the ground, not from anything else, many houses only, that is, real estate owners, tenants and the gatekeeper, as well as the bed at night carefully candle flame out residents, then There will never grow a field of flowers. Flower condensation of the number of things, the number of failed and successful performances, the number of bankrupt people, the number of incidents of accidents, the number of adventure, all of a sudden fall in the number of disaster! For the night was attracted to the life we have here Zheban Ren, Two years ago, appeared in the eyes of flower, this group of people will be aghast it as a ghost! The fate of how people make fun of the maze, the number of mysterious, after all, finally clean this light into the eye in all directions little yellow sun! There is a need to be a theater and fire, that is, a city of joy and terror of a city, is one of the most beautiful of human invention, one of the most terrible natural disaster, 30 years Kuangxiao and 30 hours of flame billowing Only allow that the growth of the daisy, which won the joy of flying insects! For the good of the observed, the most insignificant things that is often the most important things.Daisy前几天我经过文宪路,一座联接两处六层高楼的木栅栏引起我的注意.它投影在路面上,透过拼合得不严紧的木板,阳光在影上画线,吸引人的平行金色条纹,像文艺复兴时期美丽的黑缎上所见的.我走近前去,往板缝里观看. 这座栅栏今天所围住的,是两年前,1839年6月被焚毁的滑稽歌舞剧院的场地. 午后2时,烈日炎炎,路上空无人迹. 一扇灰色的门,大概是单扇门,两边隆起中间凹下,还带洛可可式的装饰,可能是百年前爱俏的年轻女子的闺门,正安装在栅栏上.只要稍稍提起插栓就开了.我走了进去. 凄凄惨惨,无比荒凉.满地泥灰,到处是大石块,被遗弃在那里等待,苍白如墓石,发霉像废墟.场里没有人.邻近的房屋墙上留有明显的火焰与浓烟的痕迹. 可是,这块土地,火灾以后已遭受两个春天的连续毁坏,在它的梯形的一隅,在一块正在变绿的巨石下面,延伸着埋葬虫与蜈蚣的地下室.巨石后面的阴暗处,长出了一些小草. 我坐在石上俯视这棵植物.天啊!就在那里长出一棵世界上最美丽的小小的雏菊,一个可爱的小小的飞虫绕着雏菊娇艳地来回飞舞. 这朵草花安静地生长,并遵循大自然的美好的规律,在泥土中,在巴黎中心,在两条街道之间,离王宫两步,离骑兵竞技场四步,在行人,店铺,出租马车,公共马车和国王的四轮华丽马车之间,这朵花,这朵临近街道的田野之花激起我无穷无尽的遐想. 十年前,谁能预见日后有一天在那里会长出一朵雏菊! 如果说在这原址上,就像旁边的地面上一样,从没有别的什么,只有许多房屋,就是说房产业主,房客和看门人,以及夜晚临睡前小心翼翼地灭烛熄火的居民,那么在这。
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